depends how your cloning s/w worked.. If it identified NTFS partitions and copied them , it may not have recognised the redundant XP legacy versions of ntfs and replaced them with the win10 ntfs standard which the XP system would be unable to read or recognise.
google for cloning s/w known to work with xp ntfs partitions and win 10 ntfs.
A *nix system booted off a usb stick to perform a 'dd' copy shuld work. it is a low level tool which should provide a true clone, back in the day when i did this sort of thing for a living I would use Norton/symantec Partition Magic but thats not a free tool.
NTFS as used with XP has been developed with win7 and win10 system additions, so the cloning system needs to cater for that. either by copying at a lower level or recognising the differences and replicating them.
so its not surprising the win xp installation disk wont recognise a win10 ntfs partition